Part 5: Intermediate and Advanced Grammar

31. Conditional Sentences

• Zero conditional

• First conditional

• Second conditional

• Third conditional

• Mixed conditionals

• Unless, provided that, and as long as

• Inverted conditionals

• Real and hypothetical conditions

32. Direct and Indirect Speech

• Direct speech

• Reported statements

• Reported questions

• Reported commands

• Reported requests

• Reporting verbs

• Backshifting of tenses

• Changes in pronouns and time expressions

33. Questions and Interrogative Structures

• Yes–no questions

• Wh-questions

• Subject questions

• Object questions

• Tag questions

• Alternative questions

• Indirect questions

• Embedded questions

• Rhetorical questions

34. Negation

• Sentential negation

• Verb negation

• Negative determiners and pronouns

• Negative adverbs

• Scope of negation

• Partial negation

• Negative questions

• Double negatives and standard usage

35. Comparison

• Positive degree

• Comparative degree

• Superlative degree

• Equality comparisons

• Irregular comparisons

• Double comparative constructions

• Comparative clauses

• Modifiers of comparison

36. Relative Clauses

• Defining relative clauses

• Non-defining relative clauses

• Relative pronouns

• Relative adverbs

• Reduced relative clauses

• Contact relative clauses

• Relative clauses with prepositions

37. Adverbial Clauses

• Clauses of time

• Clauses of place

• Clauses of reason

• Clauses of purpose

• Clauses of result

• Clauses of condition

• Clauses of concession

• Clauses of comparison

• Reduced adverbial clauses

38. Noun Clauses and Complement Clauses

• That-clauses

• Whether-clauses and if-clauses

• Embedded wh-clauses

• Subject clauses

• Object clauses

• Predicative complement clauses

• Appositive content clauses

39. Mood and Hypothetical Constructions

• Indicative mood

• Imperative mood

• Subjunctive mood

• Mandative subjunctive

• Wishes and regrets

• Unreal past constructions

• Hypothetical expressions

• It's time, would rather, and as if

40. Advanced Sentence Constructions

• Inversion

• Cleft sentences

• Pseudo-cleft sentences

• Extraposition

• Existential there

• Dummy it

• Fronting and topicalization

• Ellipsis and substitution

• Emphatic constructions